The GC190 Micro Portable Gas Chromatograph is the result of eight years of innovative research by Fudan University and Shanghai Precision Scientific Instrument Co., Ltd. Two of the core technologies are the on-column heating system with wide temperature control range, fast temperature programming and rapid cooling function; the micro-hydrogen flame ionization detector with high sensitivity binary gas system is the first in the world. In addition, advanced technologies such as micro valve parts, safe hydrogen storage systems, and micro air pumps have been adopted for the first time in domestic gas chromatographs, and five patents have been patented.
The GC-4400 portable photoionization gas chromatograph of East and West is another way. The instrument uses photoionization detection technology (PID), especially the key part of it - vacuum ultraviolet light source, has reached the world advanced level. The development of this instrument is also one of the key support projects of the Science and Technology Enterprise Technology Innovation Fund of the Ministry of Science and Technology in 2005. According to the research and development personnel of East and West Electronics, the detection limit of GC-4400 can reach 0.3ppb (benzene), which is an order of magnitude lower than the general FID.
The birth of these two chromatographic instruments shows the determination and courage of China's gas chromatograph manufacturers to achieve leap-forward development, and also marks that China's chromatographic miniaturization technology has been squeezed into the international advanced ranks.
Engine Block – This is the very core of the engine. Often made of aluminum or iron, it has several holes to contain the cylinders as well as provide water and oil flow paths to cool and lubricate the engine. Oil paths are narrower than the water flow paths. The engine block also houses the pistons, crankshaft, camshaft, and between four and twelve cylinders-depending on the vehicle, in a line, also known as inline, flat, or in the shape of a V.
Pistons – Are a cylindrical apparatus with a flat surface on top. The role of the piston is to transfer energy created from combustion to the crankshaft to propel the vehicle. Pistons travel up and down within the cylinder twice during each rotation of the crankshaft. Pistons on engines that rotate at 1250 RPM, will travel up and down 2500 times per minute. Inside the piston, lie piston rings that are made to help create compression and reduce the friction from the constant rubbing of the cylinder.
Crankshaft – The crankshaft is located in the lower section of the engine block, within the crankshaft journals (an area of the shaft that rests on the bearings). This keenly machined and balanced mechanism is connected to the pistons through the connecting rod. Similar to how a jack-in-the-box operates, the crankshaft turns the pistons up and down motion into a reciprocal motion, at engine speed.
Camshaft – Varying from vehicle to vehicle, the camshaft may either be located within the engine block or in the cylinder heads. Many modern vehicles have them in the cylinder heads, also known as Dual Overhead Camshaft (DOHC) or Single Overhead Camshaft (SOHC), and supported by a sequence of bearings that are lubricated in oil for longevity. The role of the camshaft is to regulate the timing of the opening and closing of valves and take the rotary motion from the crankshaft and transfer it to an up and down motion to control the movement of the lifters, moving the pushrods, rockers, and valves.
Cylinder Head – Attached to the engine through cylinder bolts, sealed with the head gasket. The cylinder head contains many items including the valve springs, valves, lifters, pushrods, rockers, and camshafts to control passageways that allow the flow of intake air into the cylinders during the intake stroke as well as exhaust passages that remove exhaust gases during the exhaust stroke.
Timing Belt/Chain – The camshaft and crankshafts are synchronized to ensure the precise timing in order for the engine to run properly. The belt is made of heavy-duty rubber with cogs to grasp the pulleys from the camshaft and crankshaft. The chain, similar to your bicycle chain wraps around pulleys with teeth.
With so many mechanisms performing many tasks at lightning speed, over time, parts may begin to wear causing your car to behave differently. Here are the most common engine problems and their associated symptoms:
Poor compression – Results in loss of power, misfiring, or no-start.
Cracked engine block – Causes overheating, smoke coming from exhaust, or coolant leaks, usually identified on the side of the engine.
Damaged Pistons, Rings, and/or Cylinders – Exhibit rattling sounds, blue smoke coming from the exhaust, rough idle, or a failed emissions test.
Broken or worn Rods, Bearings, & Pins – Cause tapping or ticking sounds, low oil pressure, metal shavings found in engine oil, or rattling upon acceleration.
Car engines may seem complicated, but their task is simple: to propel your vehicle forward. With so many components working together to create this motion, it`s imperative your vehicle receives proper maintenance to ensure their longevity. Regularly scheduled oil changes, fluid flushes, and changing belts and hoses at the recommended time is a great way to help prevent the unfortunate circumstance of a failed engine.
Cylinder liner Cylinder head gasket Piston Piston ring
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