Valves are indispensable fluid control equipment for petroleum, chemical, power station, long-distance pipeline, shipbuilding, nuclear industry, all kinds of low-temperature engineering, aerospace and marine oil production. The development and needs of the above industries have promoted the development of the valve industry. In recent years, to meet the new requirements of all aspects of high parameters at the same time, the valve structure, materials and production processes, how to do to better improve performance, reliability and reduce costs are also paid close attention. Valve is involved in a wide range of products, complex varieties, a wide range of products, its quality is good or bad, the level of technology directly affects the development of various sectors of the national economy. Therefore, the valve requires strict control of the inherent quality. Some valves need to be recognized by the international authority in order to open up sales. For example, some power engineering valves, nuclear power valves, are subject to ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) approval marks for purchase. ASME currently uses "N", "Nv", "NPT" and other five kinds of tags. Oil industry valves to get the American Petroleum Institute "API" mark, in order to open sales. 2, the status of the foreign valve industry With the rapid development of foreign large-scale shift industry, valve industry, production and development is also very rapid. About 50 years ago, many countries have formed an independent valve professional and its industry system, with the valve industry organizations or professional academic organizations. For example: Europe, the United States, Britain and other valve industry associations have; Japan has a valve industry association and the valve research will move Europe and the former Soviet Union has a valve design and research institutes. These valve industry and professional organizations, are to improve the production technology and external competition needs and set up. The current valve industry in several major industrialized countries is as follows. 2.1 Valve Industry Employees (1990 as an example) The United States has 77,500 workers, of which 70% of workers, technology and management personnel 30%; Britain 80,000; Germany 52,500; Japan 35,000; Italy l5000; France 11519 people. 2.2 The total number of valve manufacturing enterprises in the United States 900, the largest number of enterprises 3500; Japan 1507, the largest number of enterprises 900; Germany 450, the largest number of enterprises 3300; 490 in the United Kingdom, the largest number of enterprises 1,100; France 400, the largest The number of enterprises 1000; Thus, the largest number of valve manufacturing enterprises in Japan, the largest number of workers in the United States. Japanese valve industry workers only half of the United States, while the total number of businesses nearly twice the United States. Compared with the United States, the Japanese valve industry, the majority of small and medium-sized, larger companies have about 250. Since the 1980s, the number of workers in the valve industry in various countries has decreased to a lesser degree. The most significant decrease was in France, from 21,000 in the 1980s to 1,155 in 1980. 2.3 Total valve output (1990 as an example) U.S. $ 10.74 billion Germany 7.975 billion German mark Japan 4,841.33 billion yen French figure about 61.00 billion French francs (1987) Great Britain 610 million pounds (1986) 2.4 Valves International Trade International Valve trading market has been very active in recent years, the competition is quite fierce. Stronger forces are Germany and the United States. Germany is the world's largest valve exporter. In 1985 Italy Lee valve trade more than the United States, second. In 1987 the developed countries accounted for the proportion of total valve imports and exports respectively: Germany 22.2, Italy l6.5%, the United States 10.9%, Japan l0.7%, France 9.7%. In 1985 the world's top eight valves import and export trade volume rankings are as follows: Germany 2739.8 million German Marco, Italian profit 2l27.5 million German Marco, the United States 1833.I million German marks, Japan 1683.5 million German marks , France 1545.7 million German marks, United Kingdom l376.7 million German marks. 3, the technical level of the foreign valve industry 3.1 complete set of standards For more than 20 years, with the development of large sets of foreign technology, there have been a series of new complete sets of equipment and stand-alone. Valve-related developments of new complete sets of equipment is characterized by large-scale, high parameterization, high-performance automation and complete sets. Refinery Equipment: The largest refinery is 36.4 million t / yr (Caribbean Virgin Islands) and 30 million t / yr (Venezuela). At present, there are nearly 30 refineries with annual output of 20 million t / y. The processing capacity of the largest unit refining unit: 24 million t / a of atmospheric and vacuum units, 8,240,000 t / a of catalytic cracking units, 5.69 million t / a of reformer units, and 3.2 million t / a of hydrocracking units. Oil and Gas Long-distance Pipeline Equipment: In recent years, long-distance pipelines have developed rapidly. One of the main reasons is low cost, equivalent to only one-third of the railway transport; the second is buried in the ground, not easy to destroy; Third, pipeline construction speed, investment in the province. The longest pipeline 4830Km (Iran) and 4665Km (former Soviet Union, Friendship line). The longest delivery oil pipeline 4578km (Houston, New York, USA). The longest gas pipeline is 7680 km (from Alaska via Canada to the western United States). The largest pipeline diameter of 1620 and the proposed 2500. The highest pipeline transportation pressure is 9 ~ 12MPa. Ammonia equipment: the largest 540,000 t / year and 500,000 t / year. Ethylene equipment: the maximum capacity of 500,000 t / year to 800,000 t / year. The maximum unit capacity of power generation equipment: the biaxial thermal power unit l30 million kW (USA and Switzerland), the uniaxial thermal power unit 1.2 million kw (former Soviet Union) and the largest nuclear power unit 1.3 million kW (Germany) Diameter and maximum pressure: the largest flat gate valve diameter 1620mm, 2000 and 3050 roll (the United States, Japan); the largest butterfly valve diameter 9750mm (British Bauwen company design, made in Switzerland); maximum ball valve diameter 3050mm, not the weight of the drive 184t (Made in Switzerland, Tenn., USA): Maximum water gate valve 2750mm, 9 MPa (Japan). Large-scale economic effects of equipment: To sum up, one is to increase production efficiency, the other is to reduce capital investment, the third is to reduce the consumption of raw materials. With an annual processing capacity of 5 million t of refinery equipment, compared with 1 million t, the investment in production capacity per t product is reduced by 50%. A 6 million tpa refinery compared to two 3 million tpd refinery only invested 69% of the latter, with steel consumption of 53%, floor space of 54% and production costs of 75% The labor productivity has risen to 70%. The annual output of 200,000 tons of synthetic ammonia equipment, power consumption per tonne 1450kW. h. The newly built electricity consumption per ton of product with an annual output of 460,000 tons has been reduced to 50 kw / h. Compared with 200,000 units, the power unit cost of equipment is only 10% ~ 20% lower than the 1 / 290,000 kW unit, which is equivalent to the power consumption of 200,000 t class equipment. The construction cost, unit power, consumption of steel and Reduced manufacturing man hours by 20%. Complete set of equipment automation level, foreign petrochemical industry. The main production process has been achieved direct digital control, and some also achieved a computer grading control. Synthetic ammonia, urea, synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber and synthetic plastics and other chemical companies to achieve universal tour detection, alarm, and some realize closed-loop control and local optimization control. More than 200,000 kW large generating units generally to the development of computer control. Nuclear power plants are generally computer controlled. Long-distance pipeline system Many countries use computer control, and equipped with microwave communication system, the total control room only 2 --- 3 duty staff. You can monitor the full range of TV work. The above control methods of complete sets of equipment also require the valve to be compatible. Therefore, the past 20 years, the control of foreign valves also have great development. In addition to the general manual, motorized, electric, pneumatic, hydraulic transmission, the electro-hydraulic interlocking, gas-liquid continuous, automatic control valve varieties continue to increase, and further development trend. 3.2 Series Variety Level With all kinds of complete sets of equipment, process and performance improvement, the series of foreign valves are still increasing, in recent years there have been many new varieties of valves. Such as: emergency shut-off valve, fast switching valve, fire damper, anti-static valve, temperature reducing valve, butterfly check valve, pressure relief valve, vacuum jacket valve, water cooling or air-cooled valve, safety gate valve, safety valve And many other new valves, including universal valve ball valve, butterfly valve and flat gate valve is the fastest growing valve varieties in 20 years.
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