In certain industrial applications, standard bearings just aren't precise enough to meet the demands of the task. That's where precision bearings come into play. These bearings offer superior accuracy and fine tolerances, making them perfect for applications that require strict control over speed (RPM) and guidance precision. There are primarily two types of precision bearings: deep groove bearings and angular contact bearings.
Deep groove bearings feature full shoulders on both sides of the inner and outer ring raceways, making it easy to add seals or shields. These bearings can handle radial loads, thrust loads, or a combination of both. They're available in numerous sizes, including miniature precision bearings, and come with different cage options. Highly versatile, deep groove bearings are among the most commonly used types of bearings.
Angular contact bearings have one complete ring shoulder, while the other ring shoulder is either partially or fully removed. This design allows for larger balls, which provide enhanced load capacity and speed potential. Different cage designs are also available to cater to specific high-speed requirements. Angular contact bearings can support thrust loads or a combination of thrust and radial loads, but they cannot handle radial loads alone. When installed back-to-back or face-to-face, they can handle thrust loads in both directions.
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Angular contact bearings come in two types: separable or non-separable. These categories refer to whether the outer ring assembly can be detached from the inner ring. Separable angular contact bearings are particularly beneficial when installing in blind holes and in applications that require press fits.
Closures and cages are crucial components for precision bearings. Bearing closures protect against internal damage during handling. For precision bearings, these closures are typically made from high-performance materials like Teflon or stainless steel. Two main types of closures are available: shields and seals. Both are designed to keep contaminants out and retain lubrication.
Shields are attached to the inner ring, while seals go on the outer ring. Deciding between shields and seals depends on the application's priorities—whether sealing efficiency, speed capability, or bearing torque is more important. Shields have lower sealing efficiency but do not increase torque or limit speed. Seals offer stronger protection but restrict operating speed and increase torque and temperature.
Bearing cages are essential for maintaining uniform ball spacing, reducing torque, and minimizing heat buildup. These cages come in various designs suitable for both deep groove and angular bearings. The choice of cage depends on the specific needs of the bearing application.
Standard precision bearings typically use stamped steel cages. Precision bearings, however, often employ cages made from stainless steel, bronze, or phenolic. These materials offer higher speeds and better loading capabilities. Cages can be used to meet general-purpose needs as well as specialized requirements such as low torque, high speed, lubrication-free operation, and reduced noise levels.
All precision ball bearings must adhere to Annular Bearing Engineers Committee (ABEC) standards, which align with ISO regulations. ABEC standards establish tolerances for critical bearing characteristics and dimensions, ensuring consistency across the industry. These guidelines cover parameters like bore roundness and taper, width variation, race runout, and radial runout. Higher ABEC numbers indicate tighter tolerances, meaning higher performance. ABEC 1 through 3 bearings are generally for general use, whereas ABEC 5 through 7 bearings are suited for applications needing higher precision and speed. Bearings from higher ABEC classes, designed for stationary housings, have rounder balls and smoother raceways.
Customers should not automatically opt for the highest ABEC class. Higher-end bearings can be significantly more expensive, so it’s essential to understand the specific needs of the application to make the right choice. Often, higher ABEC bearings are unnecessary.
To ensure optimal performance of precision bearings, users should carefully set up their systems. Key considerations include preloading and radial internal clearance. Proper radial internal clearance is vital, as metal expands under use. Selecting the correct clearance prevents metal bearings from seizing in their housings. Bearings with insufficient radial clearance will fail due to interference and binding.
Preloading involves removing internal clearance in a bearing. This is achieved by applying a permanent thrust load, eliminating radial and axial play, making the setup very rigid. Preloading removes endplay and runout, which can be done through spring preloading, axial adjustment, or using duplex bearings.
Duplex bearings are matched pairs designed to provide built-in preloading. Installed in face-to-face (DB), back-to-back (DF), or tandem (DT) configurations, they counterbalance each other, increasing axial and radial rigidity and allowing them to withstand heavy thrust loads.
Shaft and housing fits are also significant when using precision bearings. Users should assess the application before determining the appropriate fit tightness. Looser fits are required when axial movement must accommodate spring loading or thermal expansion, or when axial clamping forces are involved. Tighter fits are preferred when heat transfer, vibration reduction, or heavy radial loading is needed.
Finally, users should decide whether precision bearings will function better with grease or oil lubrication. Grease is the usual choice, but oil is recommended for high-speed applications due to better cooling and reduced torque. Oil needs regular replacement, whereas grease lasts longer without maintenance.
Precision bearings from Emerson Bearing are top-notch. We distribute bearings from renowned manufacturers like Barden, GMN, Nachi, NTN, and NSK. Our experts can help you select the right bearing for your application, guiding you through ABEC standards and other considerations to prevent costly mistakes and downtime.
Contact us today to begin the bearing selection process.
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