In fact, this "Pandora Box" is a mixture of various contradictions. The fluctuation of the price of fertilizer has highlighted various conflicts and gradually intensified. In the case of sharp increases in the prices of coal and other energy and raw materials, tight rail capacity, and rising freight rates for roads, how to take into account the interests of producers, operators, and farmers, and control the price of fertilizer at a reasonable level is in front of macro-control departments. The dilemma.
From the perspective of chemical fertilizer production and consumption, the crux of the failure of the fertilizer price limit policy is reflected in the following aspects:
First, the "departmental linkage" required for policy implementation is difficult to operate. Fertilizer is a commodity that has the special property of “grain foodâ€. The regulation of fertilizer prices involves the departments of industry and commerce, commodity prices, finance, taxation, railways, supply and marketing, and electricity, and achieving a complete linkage process is a complex system project. The desired results can only be achieved on the basis of maintaining a smooth government decree and unitary action. Judging from the actual situation, the state's major related regulation and control policies include preferential tariffs for fertilizer manufacturers, preferential tariffs for fertilizers for agriculture, return of value-added tax for urea products, special subsidies for diammonium phosphate, and guarantees for coal, electricity, and oil for fertilizer production. , gas supply, etc. However, no matter which department appears to be out of touch, which policy is not well implemented, it will affect the overall effect of policy control. In addition, there is little experience in adopting "departmental linkages" on the issue of chemical fertilizers, and the understanding of the importance of chemical fertilizers varies from department to department. As a result, the actual implementation of the policy has been greatly hindered and the effectiveness of implementation has been greatly reduced.
Second, it is difficult to centralize the control and control of "large market flexibility." China's chemical fertilizer market is also in a gradually improving market economic environment. In the past, the main channel of sales under the planned economic system has ceased to exist. In the past, the agricultural resources department was the main channel for sales of agricultural products, and the agricultural resources department could effectively control the market. At present, the restructuring of agricultural-funded enterprises has greatly weakened the role of the original main channel, and the supervision and regulation of government behavior has become widespread. As a result, operability has deteriorated, and the supervision and inspection of fertilizer prices has become more difficult.
Again, poor information has exacerbated the blindness of farmers' consumption. Farmers, as the main consumers, have inherent blindness in fertilization technology and are not very sensitive to changes in fertilizer prices. Many unscrupulous traders at the grassroots level use farmers to not understand the market information after policy intervention, deliberately rendering the atmosphere of shortage of chemical fertilizers and boosting Fertilizer prices.
Finally, local protectionism disrupts the optimal allocation of markets. On the one hand, the local protection of phosphorus and sulfur resources has exacerbated the strain on national resources. As the price of raw materials rises, the cost of fertilizer production increases, and the price of fertilizer increases. On the other hand, local governments have implemented the so-called access system explicitly or implicitly to some fertilizers, which has caused some monopoly in the fertilizer market, causing tensions in supply and demand in some regions.
In fact, the positive attitude of the government is not "finding nothing", at least preventing the disorderly competition and accumulating many useful experiences in policy formulation. Therefore, if we can more clearly grasp the crux of the policy failure and adopt comprehensive measures to guide the market and treat the symptoms and the root cause, we can achieve the desired goals within a certain period of time. Of course, policies that really play a regulatory role ultimately need to play a role in the market, and completely liberalizing the market is the direction of macro-control. However, due to the special properties of chemical fertilizers, the government obviously can not completely liberalize the market as quickly as other commodities. Therefore, the government's fertilizer policy needs to find a way to adapt to the development of the fertilizer market, and can give full play to the macro-control role of policy, economic, and technical leverage.
Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) was developed at the University of Texas in Austin, by Carl Deckard and colleagues. The technology was patented in 1989 and was originally sold by DTM Corporation. DTM was acquired by 3D Systems in 2001. The basic concept of SLS is similar to that of SLA. It uses a moving laser beam to trace and selectively sinter powdered polymer and/or metal composite materials into successive cross-sections of a three-dimensional part. As in all rapid prototyping processes, the parts are built upon a platform that adjusts in height equal to the thickness of the layer being built. Additional powder is deposited on top of each solidified layer and sintered. This powder is rolled onto the platform from a bin before building the layer. The powder is maintained at an elevated temperature so that it fuses easily upon exposure to the laser. Unlike SLA, special support structures are not required because the excess powder in each layer acts as a support to the part being built. With the metal composite material, the SLS process solidifies a polymer binder material around steel powder (100 micron diameter) one slice at a time, forming the part. The part is then placed in a furnace, at temperatures in excess of 900 °C, where the polymer binder is burned off and the part is infiltrated with bronze to improve its density. The burn-off and infiltration procedures typically take about one day, after which secondary machining and finishing is performed. Recent improvements in accuracy and resolution, and reduction in stair-stepping, have minimized the need for secondary machining and finishing.
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